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命令行备份恢复Hyper-V虚拟机

自从Windows Server 2012开始，微软增加了存储池和去重功能，我就开始增大Hyper-V的使用范围。

早期的在线备份直接用disk2vhd.exe做脚本备份，当然这个方法也适用于P2V。

自从Windows Server 2016开始，Hyper-V就不再支持VHD格式，仅支持VHDX格式了，同样的，disk2vhd高版本虽然也支持VHDX，但是在老一些的系统上，只能用低版本disk2vhd就无法满足需求了。

搜索一番，如果只备份比较简单

备份指定虚拟机

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Export-VM -Name "tKC-VM" -Path "D:\vmbak"

备份所有虚拟机

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Get-VM | Export-VM -Path "D:\vmbak"

导入虚拟机

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Import-VM -Path 'D:\<vm export path>\2D91FED3-F1E0-4FFF-D8DE-29CED892A95A.vmcx'

使用新ID导入虚拟机

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Import-VM -Path 'D:\<vm export path>\2D91FED3-F1E0-4FFF-D8DE-29CED892A95A.vmcx' -Copy -GenerateNewId

如果有差异备份恢复的需求，可以用下面这个powershell脚本，安装使用方法如下：

首先是安装改PowerShell组件，源自 https://www.powershellgallery.com/packages/xHyper-VBackup/

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Install-Module -Name xHyper-VBackup

备份脚本：

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$vmName = "tKC-VM" # 需要备份的虚拟机名称
$fullBackupPath = "D:\vmbak\$vmName\Full" # 虚拟机完整备份路径

# 创建和保存该虚拟机最新快照信息
$checkpoint = New-VmBackupCheckpoint -VmName $vmName -ConsistencyLevel CrashConsistent

# 导出该快照到前面目标文件夹
Export-VMBackupCheckpoint -VmName $vmName -DestinationPath $fullBackupPath -BackupCheckpoint $checkpoint

# 删除刚才创建的快照
Convert-VmBackupCheckpoint -BackupCheckpoint $checkpoint

恢复完整备份：

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$vmName = "tKC-VM" # 需要恢复的虚拟机名称
$fullBackupPath = "D:\vmbak\$vmName\Full" # 完整备份路径
$restorePath = "D:\Restored-Full\$vmName"

# 查找虚拟机配置文件
$vmConfigFile = Get-ChildItem -Path $fullBackupPath -Recurse -Include "*.vmcx"

# 从备份导入虚拟机
$imported = Import-VM -Path $vmConfigFile.FullName -GenerateNewId -Copy -VirtualMachinePath $restorePath -VhdDestinationPath "$restorePath\Virtual Hard Disks"

# (可选) 重命名虚拟机
$imported | Rename-VM -NewName "$($imported.Name)-restored-full"

增量备份：

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$vmName = "tKC-VM" # 需要备份的虚拟机名称
$diffBackupPath = "D:\vmbak\$vmName\Diff_$(Get-Date -UFormat "%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S")" # 增量备份路径

# 创建和保存该虚拟机最新快照信息
$checkpoint = New-VmBackupCheckpoint -VmName $vmName -ConsistencyLevel CrashConsistent

# 选择用于差异备份的参考点
$referencePoint = Get-VmReferencePoints -VmName $vmName 

# 导出差异备份
Export-VMBackupCheckpoint -VmName $vmName -DestinationPath $diffBackupPath -BackupCheckpoint $checkpoint -ReferencePoint $referencePoint

# Removes backup snapshot and converts it as reference point for future incremental backups
Convert-VmBackupCheckpoint -BackupCheckpoint $checkpoint

恢复差异备份：

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$vmName = "tKC-VM" # 需要恢复的虚拟机名称
$fullBackupPath = "D:\vmbak\$vmName\Full" # 完整备份路径
$diffBackupPath = "D:\vmbak\$vmName\Diff_$(Get-Date -UFormat "%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S")" # 差异备份路径
$restorePath = "D:\Restored-Diff\$vmName"

# 提前从完整备份中复制虚拟磁盘，以确保在导入期间差异可以正确合并
$disksPathSource = Join-Path $fullBackupPath "Virtual Hard Disks"
$diskPathDestination = Join-Path $restorePath "Virtual Hard Disks"
Copy-Item $disksPathSource $diskPathDestination -Recurse -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue

# 查找虚拟机配置文件
$vmConfigFile = Get-ChildItem -Path $diffBackupPath -Recurse -Include "*.vmcx"

# 从备份导入虚拟机
$imported = Import-VM -Path $vmConfigFile.FullName -GenerateNewId -Copy -VirtualMachinePath $restorePath -VhdDestinationPath "$restorePath\Virtual Hard Disks"

# (可选) 重命名虚拟机
$imported | Rename-VM -NewName "$($imported.Name)-restored-diff"